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Linear Halbach arrays consist of discrete, rectangular permanent magnets mounted on a ferromagnetic backplate with varying magnetic orientations that serve to focus the field on one side of the array, producing a uniform and powerful semi-sinusoidal magnetic field. Linear (planar) arrays can also be used in a yoke configuration to produce a very powerful sinusoidal field in the gap.
A Halbach array (HA) is a specific arrangement of permanent magnets that cancels out the magnetic field to almost zero on one side while concentrating it on the other. The transit magnets and the primary magnets are the two sets of magnets included in Figure 1. Because the magnetic flux generated by the main and transit magnets is superimposed, the Halbach array's magnetic field is concentrated on one side, known as the active side.
The active-side of the Halbach array will have twice as much magnetic field strength as the usual configuration, assuming that the strength of the magnetic field produced by the main magnets and the transit magnets is the same. The quiet-side, which is the opposite side of the Halbach array, will have a very weak magnetic field.
There are two types of Halbach arrays, i.e. flat Halbach arrays and Halbach cylinders as shown in Figure 2. Flat Halbach arrays have applications such as wiggler magnets used in particle accelerators and free electron lasers and linear motors. Applications of Halbach cylinders include brushless AC motors, magnetic coupling and high field cylinders and linear alternators.
A Halbach array, showing the orientation of each piece's magnetic field. This array would give a strong field underneath, while the field above would cancel.
Orientation of strong and weak side in a linear Halbach array.
Flux distribution for a refrigerator magnet
The advantages of one-sided flux distributions are twofold:
- The field is twice as large on the side where the flux is constrained(in the idealized case).
- No stray field is created on the other side(in the ideal case). This helps with field confinement, usually a problem in the design of magnetic structures.
Although one-sided flux distributions may seem somewhat abstract, they have a surprising number of uses, from the refrigerator magnet to high-tech wiggler magnets used in particle accelerators and free-electron lasers. Other uses include voice coils, brushless DC motors, and magnetic drug targeting.
The Halbach array repels the wire loops that make up the track after the train has been propelled to a speed that can lift them, making this device an essential part of both the Inductrack Maglev train and the Inductrack rocket-launch system.
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