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A PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts. An armature and a stator. The stator, a steel cylinder, is present here. The magnets are fixed to the inside of this cylinder's rim.
As seen in the picture below, the permanent magnets are positioned so that each magnet's N- and S-poles alternately face the armature. In other words, if the N-pole of one magnet is facing the armature, the S-pole of the very next magnet will also be facing the armature.
The steel cylindrical stator holds the magnet on its inner circumference and also acts as a low resistance return channel for the magnetic flux.
Although a field coil is not necessary for a permanent magnet DC motor, they are occasionally discovered to be utilized in conjunction with permanent magnets.
This is due to the fact that field excitation through these field coils may compensate for diminished magnetic strengths in permanent magnets. These permanent magnets often contain rare earth hard magnetic elements.
A PMDC motor's rotor resembles that of other DC motors. A permanent magnet DC motor's rotor or armature also includes a core, windings, and commutator. The steel sheets that make up the core of the armature are laminated together in a circular pattern with slots for insulation.
A cylindrical slotted armature core is created by fastening these circular steel sheets one at a time. Steel laminated sheets with varnish insulation are used to lessen eddy current loss in the armature of permanent magnet DC motors.
The armature conductors are housed in these holes on the armature core's outer edge. Armature winding results from the proper connection of the armature conductors.
The commutator segments mounted on the motor shaft are connected to the end terminals of the winding. Similar to other DC motors, the commutator segments of a carbon or graphite brush are pressed against by a spring to provide current to the armature.
The advantages of a PMDC motor
- There is no need for a field excitation setup.
- Since no input power is required for excitation, DC motor efficiency is increased.
- There is no field coil, hence there is less room for a field coil, which reduces the motor's total size.
- cheaper and more affordable for applications with fractional kW ratings.
Alnico magnets, Ceramic (ferrite) magnets, and Rare-earth magnets are the three types of permanent magnets employed in this motor.
1. AlNiCo magnets
Alnico magnets feature a high residual flux density and low coercive magnetizing intensity. As a result, they are frequently utilized in situations where a low current at a high voltage is needed. Motors that range in power output from 1kW to 150kW employ alnico magnets.
2. Ferrite magnets
Ferrite magnets are frequently less expensive and are employed in PMDC motors for price-sensitive applications such compressors, AC units, and freezers.
3. Rear earth magnets
Rear earth magnets are composed of neodymium-iron-boron or of samarium cobalt. They feature a high coercive magnetizing intensity and high residual flux. These magnets do not suffer demagnetizing issues due to armature reactions.
Materials for rear earth magnets are frequently fairly pricey. Neodymium iron boron, which is likewise capable of withstanding high temperatures, is less expensive within these than samarium cobalt. For size-sensitive applications, such as those in vehicles, servo industrial drives, and big industrial motors, PMDC motors use rear earth magnets.
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